基于出行者选择的城市公交和共享单车竞合关系影响因素研究

摘要:为了更好地便利交通并促进城市地面交通系统可持续发展,基于出行者行为选择,从竞合关系视角研究共享单车对公交的影响,以共享单车对公交影响的相关文献为案例进行研究,包括北美、欧洲、大洋洲和亚洲的城市,并总结归纳相关影响因素;对北京市出行者进行了SP问卷调查,利用MNL模型定量分析了各种因素对出行者公交、共享单车选择的影响,采用二元logit模型估计组合模式选择的影响机制。研究认为,共享单车作为独立个体或接驳公共交通的新模式,与地面公交交通模式间竞争与合作并存,可骑行距离、道路基础设施以及出行者的心理因素都会导致共享单车和公交之间的竞争;相反,公交换乘站之间的距离、出行端点与站点的间距均会影响二者的合作模式。城市交通管理者应合理配置公交和共享单车的数量,鼓励市区出行者根据自己的需求选择不同的出行模式以快速接驳轨道交通,提倡竞争性并行,促进公交和共享单车在综合交通系统中的合作与协调发展。     

“偿二代”下寿险公司风险与资本关系的实证研究——基于与偿一代对比研究的视角

偿付能力风险管理是“偿二代”下寿险公司风险管理的核心,其理论依据是风险与资本的关系。基于我国部分寿险公司2011—2018年数据,运用三阶段最小二乘法(3SLS),考察“偿二代”实施前后寿险公司资本比例、承保风险和投资风险三者之间的相关关系。研究发现,“偿一代”下,寿险公司风险与资本未形成良好的传导机制,资本比例与投资风险呈负相关关系;而“偿二代”下,寿险公司风险与资本逐渐形成显著的正相关关系,承保风险与投资风险呈显著负相关关系。此外,针对偿付能力充足率与资本比例呈显著正相关关系,与投资风险和承保风险呈负相关关系这一反常现象,提出了“适应性博弈”假设予以解释。因此,寿险公司要始终注重风险,调整业务结构和投资策略;监管层面要进行更深度的穿透式监管,监督和加强寿险公司穿透披露。     

银行业竞争对企业投资效率的影响——基于债务治理与融资约束的双重视角

在全面加快金融供给侧结构性改革背景下,推动银行业竞争是促进金融服务实体经济发展、提升企业投资效率的重要途径之一。基于手动收集的中国各省区商业银行分支机构数据,结合中国上市企业财务数据,考察银行业竞争对企业投资效率产生的影响。研究发现:尽管银行业竞争显著地增加了企业投资水平,但是并未对企业投资效率产生直接的影响。进一步地,银行业竞争虽然通过减少融资约束和加强债务治理来缓解国有企业投资不足行为,但是融资作用的发挥也可能会加剧国有企业过度投资,因而银行业竞争对国有企业投资效率将取决于投资不足和过度投资的相对程度。同时,银行业竞争通过加强债务治理作用抑制非国有企业的过度投资,也通过缓解融资约束问题来减弱非国有企业的投资不足问题,进而共同促进非国有企业投资效率的提高。     

高管薪酬激励、战略差异与企业研发投入

文章选取2013—2018年A股共计1221家制造业上市企业的数据为研究样本,实证检验了高管薪酬激励、战略差异与企业研发投入的关系。研究发现:高管薪酬激励、战略差异都能显著促进企业研发投入;战略差异能够显著抑制高管薪酬激励对企业研发投入的促进作用。文章不仅丰富了高管薪酬的研究,还为制定企业战略,加大创新力度提供了参考,同时也丰富了企业研发投入影响因素的研究。     

Social Return on Investment for Good Foot Delivery

This article provides reflections on a social return on investment (SROI) research process with Good Foot Delivery, a work integration social enterprise in Toronto, Canada, engaged in package delivery and employing people with developmental challenges. The article has three aims: (1) to assess Good Foot's key business inputs, activities, and outputs, and the social impact that these have had on its key stakeholders for the 2013 calendar year; (2) to critically reflect on how the research team arrived at the SROI’s inputs, outputs, outcomes, proxies, and other findings; and (3) to discuss some of the strengths and challenges of the SROI process in practice.     

Social Return on Investment of an Innovative Employment Option for Persons with Developmental Disabilities

Common Ground Co‐operative (CGC) provides training, administrative, and job coach support to five social enterprises for which persons with developmental disabilities are the non‐share‐capital partners. This study examines the use of social return on investment (SROI) as a means of determining the value of program impacts related to quality‐of‐life changes for enterprise partners and their families. The process of conducting this SROI analysis is described and analyzed in terms of its utility in employment services for persons with developmental disabilities.     

What's In It for the Volunteers?

This article reports on a social return on investment (SROI) analysis of volunteers of the Good Food Market program, a food access initiative run by FoodShare Toronto, one of Canada's largest food‐justice organizations. Unlike conventional SROI research, which typically focuses on the entire ecology of an organization or program, this article focuses solely on isolating the return volunteers receive on their investment of time, skills, energy, and the like—an SROI of volunteering. The article reviews the challenges of adapting the SROI methodology to the context of volunteer benefits and finds that ultimately SROI is a useful tool for articulating the value of volunteering.     

Social Return on Investment Analysis

This article uses a social return on investment (SROI) methodology to analyze the social impact of a social enterprise offering a job and skills training program to an unemployed, largely female population. The social enterprise is based in Toronto (Canada) and run by a nonprofit agency dedicated to the advancement and empowerment of women, primarily immigrants, through access to employment. We focus our analysis on a job and skills training program that provides clients with the skills and tools that they need to successfully seek employment in their efforts to (re‐)enter the Canadian labor market. Our goal is to determine the tangible and intangible program outcomes by applying and testing the SROI methodology.     

Goodness-of-fit tests for Pareto distribution based on a characterization and their asymptotics

In this paper we present a new characterization of the Pareto distribution and consider goodness-of-fit tests based on it. We provide an integral and Kolmogorov–Smirnov-type statistics based on U-statistics and we calculate Bahadur efficiency for various alternatives. We find locally optimal alternatives for those tests. For small sample sizes, we compare the power of those tests with some common goodness-of-fit tests.     

Effects of correlated covariates on the asymptotic efficiency of matching and inverse probability weighting estimators for causal inference

In observational studies, the overall aim when fitting a model for the propensity score is to reduce bias for an estimator of the causal effect. To make the assumption of an unconfounded treatment plausible researchers might include many, possibly correlated, covariates in the propensity score model. In this paper, we study how the asymptotic efficiency of matching and inverse probability weighting estimators for average causal effects change when the covariates are correlated. We investigate the case with multivariate normal covariates, a logistic model for the propensity score and linear models for the potential outcomes and show results under different model assumptions. We show that the correlation can both increase and decrease the large sample variances of the estimators, and that the correlation affects the asymptotic efficiency of the estimators differently, both with regard to direction and magnitude. Moreover, the strength of the confounding towards the outcome and the treatment plays an important role.